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Info
Electoral Systems
Topic Index
Electoral Systems
Introduction
Context
Overview
Guiding Principles
Criteria for Design
Providing Representation
Making Elections Accessible and Meaningful
Providing Incentives for Conciliation
Facilitating Stable and Efficient Government
Holding the Government Accountable
Holding Individual Representatives Accountable
Encouraging Political Parties
Promoting Legislative Opposition and Oversight
Making the Election Process Workable and Sustainable
Taking into Account 'International Standards'
Criteria for Design - Conclusions
The Process of Change
Who designs?
What are the Mechanisms for Reform and Amendment?
Advice on Debate and Dialogue
Advice on Implementation
Assessing the Impact of Change
Trends in Electoral System Reform
Design Components
The Systems and Their Consequences
Plurality/Majority Systems
First Past The Post (FPTP)
Advantages and disadvantages of FPTP system
Block Vote (BV)
Advantages and disadvantages of BV
Party Block Vote (PBV)
Advantages and disadvantages of PBV
The Alternative Vote (AV)
Advantages and disadvantages of AV
The Two-Round system (TRS)
Advantages and disadvantages of Two-Round System (TRS)
Proportional Representation (PR)
Advantages of PR systems
Disadvantages of PR systems
List PR
Advantages and disadvantages of List PR
The Single Transferable Vote (STV)
Advantages and disadvantages of STV
Proportional representation related issues
District Magnitude
The Threshold
Open, Closed and Free Lists
Apparentement
Independent Candidates and PR systems
Mixed Systems
Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)
Advantages and Disadvantages of MMP
Parallel Systems
Advantages and disadvantages of Parallel systems
Other Electoral Systems
The Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV)
Advantages and disadvantages of SNTV
The Limited Vote (LV)
Advantages & Disadvantages of Limited Vote
Borda Count (BC)
Advantages & Disadvantages of BC
Electoral System Tiers and Hybrid Systems
Considerations on Representation
Representation of Women
Representation of Minorities
Communal Representation
The timing of Elections
Remote Voting
Turnout Issues
Additional Issues Relevant to Post-conflict and Transitional Elections
Electoral Systems, Institutional Framework & Governance
Electing a President
Electing a President - First Past The Post
Electing a President - Two-Round Systems
Electing a President - Preferential Voting
Electing a President - Distribution Requirements
Electing an Upper House
Elections for Different Tiers of Governance
Electing Supranational Bodies
Electing Federal/State Assemblies and Autonomous Jurisdictions
Electing Local Authorities
Electoral Systems and Political Parties
Direct Democracy Options
Referendum
Common types of Referendums
Design and Political issues of Referendums
Advantages and disadvantages of the referendum instrument
Citizens' Initiatives
Different types of Citizens' initiative
Design and Political Issues
Advantages and disadvantages of the citizens’ initiative instrument
Recall
Design and Political issues of Recalls
Advantages and disadvantages of the recall instrument
Cost and Administrative Implications of Electoral Systems
Electoral Systems and the Drawing of Electoral Boundaries
Electoral Systems and the Registration of Voters
Electoral Systems and the Design and Production of Ballot Papers
Electoral Systems and Voter Education
Electoral Systems and Number of Polling Days
Electoral Systems and By-elections
Electoral Systems and the Count
Cost and administrative implications - conclusions
Advice for Electoral Systems Designers
A Design Checklist
Annexes
Glossary
Bibliography
Contributors
Case Studies
Argentina
Australia: The Alternative Vote System
Bolivia: Electoral Reform in Latin America
Brazil: Candidate-Centred PR in a Presidential System
Canada: The Canadian Electoral System
British Columbia: Empowered Citizen Participation
Switzerland
Swiss Direct Democracy
Chile: A System Frozen by Elite Interests
China: Village Committee Elections: First Steps on a Long March?
Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System
Ecuador: The Search for Democratic Governance
European Parliament: Elections to a Supranational Body
The Spanish Electoral System - Historical Accident
Finland: Candidate Choice and Party Proportionality
Indonesia: Continuity, Deals and Consensus
Republic of Ireland: The Single Transferable Vote in Action
Israel: Electoral Reform in Israel
India - First Past the Post on a Grand Scale
Jordan - Electoral System Design in the Arab World
Mali: A Two-Round System in Africa
Japan: Adapting to a New Electoral System
Kyrgyzstan: Electoral Manipulation in Central Asia
Sri Lanka: Changes to Accommodate Diversity
Lesotho: Africa’s First MMP Electoral System
Malta: STV With Some Twists
Mexico: Democratization Through Electoral Reform
Namibia - National List PR in Southern Africa
The Netherlands
New Zealand: Learning to Live with Proportional Representation
Papua New Guinea: Electoral Incentives for Inter-Ethnic Accomodation
Poland: Between Fragmentation and Polarisation
Palestine: Political Realities Shape the System
Russia - An Evolving Parallel System
Senegal:A Parallel System in Africa
Thailand: Combating Corruption through Electoral Reform
Ukraine - The Perils of Majoritarianism in a New Democracy
United Kingdom: Electoral System Experimentation in Cradle of FPTP
United States: Ethnic Minorities and Single-Member Districts
United States: Total Recall - the election of Schwarzenegger in California
South Africa: Electoral Systems, Conflict Management and Inclusion
Maldives: Women’s Representation in Political Processes
Unexpected implications of the open lists and the parties’ drive to close them – the experience of two new democracies: Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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