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Contextes social et politique
1. See James Curran and Myung-Jin Park (eds), De-Westernizing Media Studies, Routledge, London and New York, 2000.
Les médias et la démocratie
2. Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Adv. Opn. OC-5/83 of 13 Nov. 1985, Series A no. 5, reprinted in 7 Human Rights Law Journal (1986), 74 and in 8 EHRR 165. 3. Castells v. Spain, Judgment of 23 April 1992, Series A no. 236, para. 43. 4. Thorgeirson v. Iceland, Judgment of 25 June 1992, Series A no. 239, para. 63.
2. Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Adv. Opn. OC-5/83 of 13 Nov. 1985, Series A no. 5, reprinted in 7 Human Rights Law Journal (1986), 74 and in 8 EHRR 165.
3. Castells v. Spain, Judgment of 23 April 1992, Series A no. 236, para. 43.
4. Thorgeirson v. Iceland, Judgment of 25 June 1992, Series A no. 239, para. 63.
Le pluralisme, une obligation
5. Adopted by the Human Rights Committee at its 461st meeting on 27 July 1983, UN Doc. A/38/40, 109. 6. Retrofit (Pty) Ltd vs Posts and Telecommunications Corporation, Supreme Court, 1995(9) BCLR 1262 (2). 7. Positive ways and means of facilitating the peaceful and constructive solution of problems involving minorities (Report by Special Rapporteur Asbjorn Eide), Addendum 4, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/34/Add.4, part II, paras 11 and 12. 8. UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), Media Guidelines for Cambodia (1992). 9. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the protection and promotion of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Mr. Abid Hussain, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1999/64 29 January 1999.
5. Adopted by the Human Rights Committee at its 461st meeting on 27 July 1983, UN Doc. A/38/40, 109.
6. Retrofit (Pty) Ltd vs Posts and Telecommunications Corporation, Supreme Court, 1995(9) BCLR 1262 (2).
7. Positive ways and means of facilitating the peaceful and constructive solution of problems involving minorities (Report by Special Rapporteur Asbjorn Eide), Addendum 4, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/34/Add.4, part II, paras 11 and 12.
8. UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), Media Guidelines for Cambodia (1992).
9. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the protection and promotion of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Mr. Abid Hussain, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1999/64 29 January 1999.
Liberté de débat politique
10. Lingens v. Austria, Judgment of 8 July 1986, Series A no. 103, at para. 42. 11. Report of the UN Technical Team on the Conduct of a Free and Fair Referendum on the Issue of a One Party/Multiparty System in Malawi (15-21 Nov. 1992), para. 26. 12. The State v. The Ivory Trumpet Publishing Co. [1984] 5 NCLR 736, High Court, Enugu, 31 Jan 1983. 13. Zeveli v. Central Committee for the Elections to the 13th Knesset, and Association for Civil Rights in Israel v. the Israeli Broadcasting Authority, HC 869/92 and 931/92; 46(2) Piskei Din, 692.
10. Lingens v. Austria, Judgment of 8 July 1986, Series A no. 103, at para. 42.
11. Report of the UN Technical Team on the Conduct of a Free and Fair Referendum on the Issue of a One Party/Multiparty System in Malawi (15-21 Nov. 1992), para. 26.
12. The State v. The Ivory Trumpet Publishing Co. [1984] 5 NCLR 736, High Court, Enugu, 31 Jan 1983.
13. Zeveli v. Central Committee for the Elections to the 13th Knesset, and Association for Civil Rights in Israel v. the Israeli Broadcasting Authority, HC 869/92 and 931/92; 46(2) Piskei Din, 692.
Le droit d'accès aux médias de l'État
14. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe, A Question of Balance: The Zimbabwean media and the constitutional referendum, Harare, 2000. 15. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe, Election 2000: The Media War, Harare, 2000, p.11. 16. Arthur Wina & Others v. the Attorney-General (1990) HP/1878 (High Court: Lusaka). 17. Ibid. 18. Rambachan v. Trinidad and Tobago Television Co. Ltd and Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago, decision of 17 July 1985 (unreported). 19. Establishment and Terms of Reference of the UN Observer Mission to Verify the Electoral Process in Nicaragua (ONUVEN), The Situation in Central America, UN GAOR, 44th Sess., "Threats to International Peace and Security and Peace Initiatives," UN Doc. A/44/375 (1989), Annexe 1, at 3. 20. Report of the UN Technical Team on the Conduct of a Free and Fair Referendum on the Issue of a One Party/Multiparty System in Malawi (15-21 Nov. 1992), para. 27. 21. UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), Media Guidelines for Cambodia (1992), pream. para. 4.
14. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe, A Question of Balance: The Zimbabwean media and the constitutional referendum, Harare, 2000.
15. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe, Election 2000: The Media War, Harare, 2000, p.11.
16. Arthur Wina & Others v. the Attorney-General (1990) HP/1878 (High Court: Lusaka).
17. Ibid.
18. Rambachan v. Trinidad and Tobago Television Co. Ltd and Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago, decision of 17 July 1985 (unreported).
19. Establishment and Terms of Reference of the UN Observer Mission to Verify the Electoral Process in Nicaragua (ONUVEN), The Situation in Central America, UN GAOR, 44th Sess., "Threats to International Peace and Security and Peace Initiatives," UN Doc. A/44/375 (1989), Annexe 1, at 3.
20. Report of the UN Technical Team on the Conduct of a Free and Fair Referendum on the Issue of a One Party/Multiparty System in Malawi (15-21 Nov. 1992), para. 27.
21. UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), Media Guidelines for Cambodia (1992), pream. para. 4.
Publier les opinions de l'opposition
22. X and the Association of Z v. the United Kingdom, European Commission on Human Rights, Admissibility Decision of 12 July 1971, App. No. 4515/70, 38 Collected Decisions 86 (1971).
Droit de réplique
23. UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), Media Guidelines for Cambodia (1992) 24. Manubhai Shah v. Life Insurance Corp. of India [1992] 3 SCC 637. 25. Belize Broadcasting Authority v. Courtenay and Hoare, Court of Appeal, 20 June 1986; (1988) LRC (Const.) 276; 13 Common L Bull (1987), 1238 26. Ibid., citing Halsbury's Laws of England (4th edn, Vol. 8, para. 1134).
23. UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), Media Guidelines for Cambodia (1992)
24. Manubhai Shah v. Life Insurance Corp. of India [1992] 3 SCC 637.
25. Belize Broadcasting Authority v. Courtenay and Hoare, Court of Appeal, 20 June 1986; (1988) LRC (Const.) 276; 13 Common L Bull (1987), 1238
26. Ibid., citing Halsbury's Laws of England (4th edn, Vol. 8, para. 1134).
Limiter la responsabilité
27. UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), Media Guidelines for Cambodia (1992). 28. Jersild v. Denmark, App. No. 15890/89, decision on admissibility issued 8 Sept. 1992. 29. Egin case, STC 159/86, Boletin de Jurisprudencia Constitucional 68, at 1447 para. 8
27. UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), Media Guidelines for Cambodia (1992).
28. Jersild v. Denmark, App. No. 15890/89, decision on admissibility issued 8 Sept. 1992.
29. Egin case, STC 159/86, Boletin de Jurisprudencia Constitucional 68, at 1447 para. 8
Restrictions sur les discours politiques
30. Report of the UN Technical Team on the Conduct of a Free and Fair Referendum on the Issue of a One Party/Multiparty System in Malawi (15-21 Nov. 1992), para. 29.
Critiquer les politiciens et le gouvernement
31. Castells v. Spain, Judgment of 23 April 1992, Series A no. 236. 32. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 US 254 (1964). 33. Joanna Stevens, "Sullivan's Travels", Southern African Media Law Briefing, Vol.2 No. 1, April 1997.
31. Castells v. Spain, Judgment of 23 April 1992, Series A no. 236.
32. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 US 254 (1964).
33. Joanna Stevens, "Sullivan's Travels", Southern African Media Law Briefing, Vol.2 No. 1, April 1997.
Protection des opinions politiques
34. Lingens v. Austria, Judgment of 8 July 1986, Series A no. 103.
Droit à un remède efficace
35. Report of the UN Technical Team on the Conduct of a Free and Fair Referendum on the Issue of a One Party/Multiparty System in Malawi (15-21 Nov. 1992), para. 29.
Principes juridiques
36. World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna Declaration, para. 26.
Provenance de l'information de la population
37. Margaret Scammell and Holli A. Semetko, "Political Advertising on Television: The British Experience", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995. 38. David Kerr, "Ideology, resistance and the transformation of performance traditions in post-colonial Malawi", University of Botswana, Gaborone, 1993. 39. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe, A question of balance: The Zimbabwean media and the constitutional referendum Harare, March 2000. 40. Gary A. Ferguson, Ukrainian Political Issues and Media Focus Groups: Summary of Findings, International Foundation for Elections Systems, Washington DC, 1999.
37. Margaret Scammell and Holli A. Semetko, "Political Advertising on Television: The British Experience", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
38. David Kerr, "Ideology, resistance and the transformation of performance traditions in post-colonial Malawi", University of Botswana, Gaborone, 1993.
39. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe, A question of balance: The Zimbabwean media and the constitutional referendum Harare, March 2000.
40. Gary A. Ferguson, Ukrainian Political Issues and Media Focus Groups: Summary of Findings, International Foundation for Elections Systems, Washington DC, 1999.
Médias publics et médias de l'État
41. Richard Saunders, Dancing out of Tune, Edwina Spicer Productions, Harare, 1999.
Radiodiffuseurs privés
42. Richard Carver, South Africa, in Richard Carver and Ann Naughton (eds) Who Rules the Airwaves? Broadcasting in Africa, ARTICLE 19 and Index on Censorship, London 1995, p. 91. 43. Richard Carver, "Trends and Themes in African Broadcasting" in Richard Carver and Ann Naughton (eds) Who Rules the Airwaves? Broadcasting in Africa, ARTICLE 19 and Index on Censorship, London 1995, p. 5.
42. Richard Carver, South Africa, in Richard Carver and Ann Naughton (eds) Who Rules the Airwaves? Broadcasting in Africa, ARTICLE 19 and Index on Censorship, London 1995, p. 91.
43. Richard Carver, "Trends and Themes in African Broadcasting" in Richard Carver and Ann Naughton (eds) Who Rules the Airwaves? Broadcasting in Africa, ARTICLE 19 and Index on Censorship, London 1995, p. 5.
Médias communautaires
44. Richard Carver, South Africa, in Richard Carver and Ann Naughton (eds) Who Rules the Airwaves? Broadcasting in Africa, ARTICLE 19 and Index on Censorship, London 1995, p. 93. See also http://www.amarc.org (World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters).
L'Internet comme nouveau média
45. Elizabeth Weise, "Not Yet for the Net", Media Studies Journal</> Winter 2000, http://www.mediastudies.org/nq6.html. 46. Sally Burnheim, The Right to Communicate: The Internet in Africa, ARTICLE 19, London, 1999. http://www.article19.org.
45. Elizabeth Weise, "Not Yet for the Net", Media Studies Journal</> Winter 2000, http://www.mediastudies.org/nq6.html.
46. Sally Burnheim, The Right to Communicate: The Internet in Africa, ARTICLE 19, London, 1999. http://www.article19.org.
Législation et réglementation touchant les médias lors d'élections
47. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabawe. Election 2000: The Media War, Harare, 2000, p. 11.
Durée des campagnes électorales
48. Akiba A. Cohen and Gadi Wolfsfeld, "Overcoming Adversity and Diversity: The Utility of Television Political Advertising in Israel", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
Application de la réglementation électorale aux médias
49. Karol Jakubowicz, "Poland and the 1993 Election Campaign: Following the Line of Least Resistance", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995.
Application de la réglementation par les médias eux-mêmes
50. Ibid., pp. 38-39. 51. Karen Siune, "Political Advertising in Denmark", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995. 52. ARTICLE 19, Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies, London, 1994, p. 38.
50. Ibid., pp. 38-39.
51. Karen Siune, "Political Advertising in Denmark", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
52. ARTICLE 19, Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies, London, 1994, p. 38.
Application de la réglementation par un organisme électoral
53. Anne Johnston and Jacques Gerstle, "The Role of Television Broadcasts n Promoting French Television Candidates", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995. 54. ARTICLE 19, Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies, London, 1994, p. 38.
53. Anne Johnston and Jacques Gerstle, "The Role of Television Broadcasts n Promoting French Television Candidates", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
54. ARTICLE 19, Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies, London, 1994, p. 38.
Application de la réglementation par un organisme spécialisé
55. Articles 4-6, Independent Media Commission Act.
Processus de plaintes
56. ARTICLE 19, Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies, 1994, p. 38. 57. Viktor Monakhov, "Information Disputes Relating to Election Campaigning Via the Mass Media: The Experience of the Judicial Chamber in the 1999 Election Campaign, in IFES, The Media and the Presidential Elections in Russia 2000, Human Rights Publishers, Moscow, 2000.
56. ARTICLE 19, Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies, 1994, p. 38.
57. Viktor Monakhov, "Information Disputes Relating to Election Campaigning Via the Mass Media: The Experience of the Judicial Chamber in the 1999 Election Campaign, in IFES, The Media and the Presidential Elections in Russia 2000, Human Rights Publishers, Moscow, 2000.
Périodes d'interdiction de bulletins de nouvelles
58. Akiba A. Cohen and Gadi Wolfsfeld, "Overcoming Adversity and Diversity: The Utility of Television Political Advertising in Israel", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995. 59. Media Experts Commission, Final Report: Media in Elections 1998, 1998, pp. 33-34.
58. Akiba A. Cohen and Gadi Wolfsfeld, "Overcoming Adversity and Diversity: The Utility of Television Political Advertising in Israel", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
59. Media Experts Commission, Final Report: Media in Elections 1998, 1998, pp. 33-34.
Sondages d'opinion
60. Helen Darbishire, "Media and the Electoral Process" in Media and democracy, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 1998, p. 96.
Droit international et jurisprudence sur les propos haineux
61. Glimmerveen and Others v. The Netherlands, App. Nos. D 8348/78 and 8406/78, 4 EHRR 260 (1982). 62. Jersild v. Denmark, App. No. 15890?89, Decision of 8 September 1992. 63. Meir Kahane and Others v. Board of Directors of the Broadcasting Authority, Israeli Supreme Court, 41(3) PD 255 (1987). 64. H-G Axberger, "Freedom of the Press in Sweden", in ARTICLE 19, Press Law and Practice, 1993. 65. Constitutional Court, AB Hatarozat, No. 30/1992 (26 May).
61. Glimmerveen and Others v. The Netherlands, App. Nos. D 8348/78 and 8406/78, 4 EHRR 260 (1982).
62. Jersild v. Denmark, App. No. 15890?89, Decision of 8 September 1992.
63. Meir Kahane and Others v. Board of Directors of the Broadcasting Authority, Israeli Supreme Court, 41(3) PD 255 (1987).
64. H-G Axberger, "Freedom of the Press in Sweden", in ARTICLE 19, Press Law and Practice, 1993.
65. Constitutional Court, AB Hatarozat, No. 30/1992 (26 May).
Droit de réplique à la critique et aux fausses déclarations
66. Robert M. Entman, "The Media and U.S. Elections: Public Policy and Journalistic Practice", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995. . 67. Ibid. 68. Article 21, Independent Media Commission Act, 1994.
66. Robert M. Entman, "The Media and U.S. Elections: Public Policy and Journalistic Practice", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995. .
67. Ibid.
68. Article 21, Independent Media Commission Act, 1994.
Accès égal pour tous les partis?
69. Anne Johnston and Jacques Gerstle, "The Role of Television Broadcasts n Promoting French Television Candidates", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995. 70. Karen Siune, "Political Advertising in Denmark", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995. 71. Ibid. 72. Gianpiero Gamaleri "Italy and the 1994 Elections: Media, Politics and the Concentration of Power", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995. 73. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries, Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 58. 74. Kees Brants, "The Blank Spot: Political Advertising in the Netherlands", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
69. Anne Johnston and Jacques Gerstle, "The Role of Television Broadcasts n Promoting French Television Candidates", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
70. Karen Siune, "Political Advertising in Denmark", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
71. Ibid.
72. Gianpiero Gamaleri "Italy and the 1994 Elections: Media, Politics and the Concentration of Power", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995.
73. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries, Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 58.
74. Kees Brants, "The Blank Spot: Political Advertising in the Netherlands", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
Accès équitable pour les partis politiques
75. Brian Wenham "The United Kingdom: Impartial broadcasters and a Partisan Press", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995. . 76. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 58. 77. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 194.
75. Brian Wenham "The United Kingdom: Impartial broadcasters and a Partisan Press", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995. .
76. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 58.
77. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 194.
Horaire et durée des grilles d'accès direct
78. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe, A question of balance: The Zimbabwean media and the constitutional referendum Harare, March 2000. 79. ARTICLE 19, Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies, London, 1994, p. 16.
78. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe, A question of balance: The Zimbabwean media and the constitutional referendum Harare, March 2000.
79. ARTICLE 19, Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies, London, 1994, p. 16.
Qui sont les réalisateurs des émissions en direct?
80. Diana Cammack, Election reporting: a practical guide to media monitoring, ARTICLE 19, London 1998, p. 4. 81. Karol Jakubowicz, "Poland and the 1993 Election Campaign: Following the Line of Least Resistance" in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995.
80. Diana Cammack, Election reporting: a practical guide to media monitoring, ARTICLE 19, London 1998, p. 4.
81. Karol Jakubowicz, "Poland and the 1993 Election Campaign: Following the Line of Least Resistance" in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995.
Accès direct pendant les référendums
82. Wilson v. Independent Broadcasting Authority, 1979 SLT 279. 83. Report of the UN Technical Team on the Conduct of a Free and Fair Referendum on the Issue of a One Party/Multiparty System in Malawi (15-21 Nov. 1992), para. 27.
82. Wilson v. Independent Broadcasting Authority, 1979 SLT 279.
83. Report of the UN Technical Team on the Conduct of a Free and Fair Referendum on the Issue of a One Party/Multiparty System in Malawi (15-21 Nov. 1992), para. 27.
Publicité électorale payée
84. See, for example, Nadine Strossen, "Freedom of Speech: Issues for a new election and a new century", Media Studies Journal, Winter 2000, http://www.mediastudies.org/nq5.html. 85. Christina Holtz-Bacha and Lynda Lee Kaid, "A Comparative Perspective on Political Advertising: Media and Political System Characteristics", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
84. See, for example, Nadine Strossen, "Freedom of Speech: Issues for a new election and a new century", Media Studies Journal, Winter 2000, http://www.mediastudies.org/nq5.html.
85. Christina Holtz-Bacha and Lynda Lee Kaid, "A Comparative Perspective on Political Advertising: Media and Political System Characteristics", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
Les pays qui permettent la publicité politique payée
86. Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, "The Regulation of Televised Political Advertising in Six Selected Democracies", Committee for the Study of the American Electorate, n.d. 87. Robert M. Entman, "The Media and U.S. Elections: Public Policy and Journalistic Practice", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995
86. Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, "The Regulation of Televised Political Advertising in Six Selected Democracies", Committee for the Study of the American Electorate, n.d.
87. Robert M. Entman, "The Media and U.S. Elections: Public Policy and Journalistic Practice", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995
Un système mixte de publicité et d'accès gratuit
88. Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, "The Regulation of Televised Political Advertising in Six Selected Democracies", Committee for the Study of the American Electorate, n.d.
Publicité politique et limites des dépenses de campagne
89. Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, "The Regulation of Televised Political Advertising in Six Selected Democracies", Committee for the Study of the American Electorate, n.d. 90. Robert M. Entman, "The Media and U.S. Elections: Public Policy and Journalistic Practice", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995.
89. Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, "The Regulation of Televised Political Advertising in Six Selected Democracies", Committee for the Study of the American Electorate, n.d.
90. Robert M. Entman, "The Media and U.S. Elections: Public Policy and Journalistic Practice", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995.
Réglementer le contenu du matériel des programmes d'accès direct
91. Article 29, Independent Media Commission Act, 1994. 92. Tom Moring, "The North European Exception: Political Advertising on TV in Finland", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995. 93. Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, "The Regulation of Televised Political Advertising in Six Selected Democracies", Committee for the Study of the American Electorate, n.d. 94. Anne Johnston and Jacques Gerstle, "The Role of Television Broadcasts n Promoting French Television Candidates", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995 95. Tom Moring, "The North European Exception: Political Advertising on TV in Finland", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995. 96. Anne Johnston and Jacques Gerstle, "The Role of Television Broadcasts n Promoting French Television Candidates", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995 97. Helmut Druck "Germany: Equality within the Constitution", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995. 98. Cited in Ibid..
91. Article 29, Independent Media Commission Act, 1994.
92. Tom Moring, "The North European Exception: Political Advertising on TV in Finland", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
93. Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, "The Regulation of Televised Political Advertising in Six Selected Democracies", Committee for the Study of the American Electorate, n.d.
94. Anne Johnston and Jacques Gerstle, "The Role of Television Broadcasts n Promoting French Television Candidates", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995
95. Tom Moring, "The North European Exception: Political Advertising on TV in Finland", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
96. Anne Johnston and Jacques Gerstle, "The Role of Television Broadcasts n Promoting French Television Candidates", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995
97. Helmut Druck "Germany: Equality within the Constitution", in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995.
98. Cited in Ibid..
Méthodologie pour surveiller les médias
99. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabawe. Election 2000: The Media War, Harare, 2000.
Protéger la sécurité des journalistes
100. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabawe. Election 2000: The Media War, Harare, 2000.
Activités du gouvernement et la campagne
101. Anne Johnston and Jacques Gerstle, "The Role of Television Broadcasts n Promoting French Television Candidates", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995. 102. Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, "The Regulation of Televised Political Advertising in Six Selected Democracies", Committee for the Study of the American Electorate, n.d.
101. Anne Johnston and Jacques Gerstle, "The Role of Television Broadcasts n Promoting French Television Candidates", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
102. Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, "The Regulation of Televised Political Advertising in Six Selected Democracies", Committee for the Study of the American Electorate, n.d.
Interdiction de nouvelles - Période de réflexion
103. Karen Siune, "Political Advertising in Denmark", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995. 104. Akiba A. Cohen and Gadi Wolfsfeld, "Overcoming Adversity and Diversity: The Utility of Television Political Advertising in Israel", in Ibid.
103. Karen Siune, "Political Advertising in Denmark", in Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha (eds.), Political Advertising in Western Democracies, Sage Publications, London/Thousands Oaks, 1995.
104. Akiba A. Cohen and Gadi Wolfsfeld, "Overcoming Adversity and Diversity: The Utility of Television Political Advertising in Israel", in Ibid.
L'accès des médias aux bureaux de vote
105. Raymond Louw, A Handbook on the Media and Electoral Law, Electoral Institute of Southern Africa, Johannesburg, 1999.
Encourager la couverture professionnelle des résultats
106. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe, A question of balance: The Zimbabwean media and the constitutional referendum Harare, March 2000.
Provenance de l'information reçue par la population - Ukraine
107. Gary A. Ferguson, Ukrainian Political Issues and Media Focus Groups: Summary of Findings, International Foundation for Elections Systems, Washington DC, 1999.
Un organisme de réglementation déjà existant - Italie
108. Gianpiero Gamaleri "Italy and the 1994 Elections: Media, Politics and the Concentration of Power" in Yasha Lange and Andrew Palmer (eds), Media and Elections: a Handbook, European Institute for the Media, Dusseldorf, 1995.
Réglementation médiatique et électorale par un organisme spécialisé - Bosnie
109. Media Experts Commission, Final Report: Media in Elections 1998, 1998.
Processus de plaintes - Russie
110. Viktor Monakhov, "Information Disputes Relating to Election Campaigning Via the Mass Media: The Experience of the Judicial Chamber in the 1999 Election Campaign, in IFES, The Media and the Presidential Elections in Russia 2000, Human Rights Publishers, Moscow, 2000.
Propos haineux - Rwanda
111. Richard Carver, "Broadcasting and Political Transition: Rwanda and Beyond", in Richard Fardon and Graham Furniss (eds), African Broadcast Cultures: Radio in Transition, James Currey, Oxford, 2000, pp. 188-197. 112. International Criminal Tribunal on Rwanda, The Prosecutor vs. Georges Ruggiu, Case No. ICTR-97-32-I, Judgement and Sentence, 1 June 2000; "Blow for Rwandan journalists", BBC News Online, 19 September 2000. 113. ARTICLE 19, Broadcasting Genocide: Censorship, Propaganda and State-Sponsored Violence in Rwanda 1990-1994, London 1996, pp. 120ff.
111. Richard Carver, "Broadcasting and Political Transition: Rwanda and Beyond", in Richard Fardon and Graham Furniss (eds), African Broadcast Cultures: Radio in Transition, James Currey, Oxford, 2000, pp. 188-197.
112. International Criminal Tribunal on Rwanda, The Prosecutor vs. Georges Ruggiu, Case No. ICTR-97-32-I, Judgement and Sentence, 1 June 2000; "Blow for Rwandan journalists", BBC News Online, 19 September 2000.
113. ARTICLE 19, Broadcasting Genocide: Censorship, Propaganda and State-Sponsored Violence in Rwanda 1990-1994, London 1996, pp. 120ff.
Activités de l'organisme de réglementation en matière de propos haineux - Bosnie
114. Provisional Electoral Commission, Rules and Regulations, Article 9.35.a, in Media Experts Commission, Final Report: Media in Elections 1998, 1998. 115. Ibid., p. 14.
114. Provisional Electoral Commission, Rules and Regulations, Article 9.35.a, in Media Experts Commission, Final Report: Media in Elections 1998, 1998.
115. Ibid., p. 14.
Activités de l'organisme de réglementation en matière de propos haineux - Zimbabwe
116. Amani Trust, Summary of Political Violence in Zimbabwe, Bulawayo, May-June 2000. 117. As recorded by Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe. 118. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabawe. Election 2000: The Media War, Harare, 2000, p. 45
116. Amani Trust, Summary of Political Violence in Zimbabwe, Bulawayo, May-June 2000.
117. As recorded by Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe.
118. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabawe. Election 2000: The Media War, Harare, 2000, p. 45
Publicité politique payée - Canada
119. Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, "The Regulation of Televised Political Advertising in Six Selected Democracies", Committee for the Study of the American Electorate, n.d.
Observation des médias - Malawi
120. ARTICLE 19, Malawi at the Crossroads: Final Report of the Malawi Election Media Monitoring Project, London/Lilongwe, March 2000, and at http://www.article19.org.
Actions du gouvernement durant les reportages de campagne - Malawi
121. "Malawi court orders fair election coverage", Southern African Media Law Briefing, Vol. 4 No. 3, August 1999. (http://fxi.org.za/Medialaw/fairelect.htm)
Publication des sondages à la sortie des bureaux de vote - États-Unis
122. http://ojr.usc.edu/content/story.cfm?id=341
Une élection par l'Internet - Roumanie
123. http://ojr.usc.edu/content/story.cfm/request/488/
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