Info

Media and Elections Index

... me Media and Elections

...... me10 Overview of Media and Elections

...... me20 Guiding Principles of Media and Elections

...... me30 Context of Media and Elections

...... me40 Contributors to Media and Elections

...... mea Legal Principles

......... mea01 International Law on Media and Elections

............ mea01a Media and Democracy

............ mea01b Obligations of Pluralism

............ mea01c Freedom of Political Debate

............ mea01d Right of Access to Government Media

............ mea01e Publishing Opposition Views

............ mea01f Right of Reply to Media Reports during Elections

............ mea01g Limits to Liability of Media During Elections

............ mea01h Restrictions on Political Speech

............ mea01i Criticism of Politicians and Government

............ mea01j Right to an Effective Remedy

............ mea01k Protecting the Safety of the Media

...... meb Media Environment

......... meb01 Where do people get their information?

......... meb02 History of Respect for Media Freedom

......... meb03 Relative Importance of Different Media

............ meb03a Structure of Media Ownership

............... meb03a01 Public/State Media

............... meb03a02 Corporate Media

............... meb03a03 Private Broadcasters

............... meb03a04 Print Media

............... meb03a05 Community Media

............... meb03a06 Party Media

............ meb03b "New" Media

............... meb03b01 The Internet

............... meb03b02 Cellular Telephones and Election Campaigning

......... meb04 Level of Media Professionalism

............ meb04a Journalism Training

......... meb05 Legal Framework for Media

............ meb05a Constitutional Protection for Media Freedom

............ meb05b Statutes Affecting the Media

............ meb05c Other Statutory Instruments Affecting the Media

............ meb05d Case Law Affecting the Media

......... meb06 Existing Media Regulatory Frameworks

............ meb06a Broadcasting Regulator

............ meb06b Voluntary Media Council

............ meb06c Statutory or Constitutional Regulators

...... mec Law or Regulations on Media During Elections

......... mec01 Who Should be Involved in the Drafting Process?

......... mec02 A Specified Campaign Period?

......... mec03 Different Obligations of Public and Private Media

............ mec03a Provisions that Affect Both Private and Public Media

............... mec03a01 Implementation Mechanism for Media and Election Regulations

............... mec03a02 Implementation Mechanism: Existing Media Regulatory Body

............... mec03a03 Implementation Mechanism: Media Self-Regulation

............... mec03a04 Implementation Mechanism: Electoral Commission

............... mec03a05 Implementation Mechanism: Specialist Body

............... mec03a06 Implementation Mechanism: Judiciary

............... mec03a07 Complaints Procedure on Media Coverage

............ mec03b News Blackouts

............ mec03c Regulating Coverage of Opinion Polls

............ mec03d Policies on Hate Speech and Defamation

............... mec03d01 International and Comparative Law on Hate Speech

............... mec03d02 Media Liability for Reports of Unlawful Statements

............... mec03d03 Hate Speech - Operations of the Regulator

............... mec03d04 Right of Reply to Criticism or Adverse Statements

............ mec03e Journalists' Right of Access to Election Events

............ mec03f Accreditation of Journalists

............... mec03f01 Foreign Media

............ mec03g Measures to Protect Journalists

......... mec04 Provisions for Public Media

............ mec04a Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties

............... mec04a01 Equal or Equitable Direct Access Coverage?

............... mec04a02 Equal Access for All Parties?

............... mec04a03 Equitable (or Fair) Access for Political Parties?

............... mec04a04 Criteria for Allocation of Direct Access Time

............... mec04a05 Timing and Length of Direct Access Slots

............... mec04a06 Who Pays for Direct Access Broadcasts?

............... mec04a07 Who Produces Direct Access Broadcasts?

............... mec04a08 Direct Access in Referenda

............ mec04b Paid Political Advertising

............... mec04b01 Countries that Allow Paid Political Advertising

............... mec04b02 A Mixed System of Advertising and Free Access

............... mec04b03 Political Advertising and Campaign Spending Limits

............ mec04c Regulation of Content of Direct Access Material?

............ mec04d Government's Duty to Inform - Voter Information

............ mec04e Balanced News Coverage

......... mec05 Provisions for the Private Media

...... med Why Communication Matters

......... med01 Analysing Your Strenghts and Weaknesses

......... med02 Defining Your Message

......... med03 Defining Your Audience

......... med04 Developing a Media Strategy

......... med05 Developing Techniques of Media Relations

............ med05a Briefing Packs

............ med05b Pre-recorded Audio and Video Material

............ med05c Providing Information on Electoral Authority Web Site

............ med05d Media Briefings

............ med05e Press Releases

............ med05f Media Centre

......... med06 Timing Work with Media

............ med06a Pre-Campaign Issues

............ med06b Campaign Issues

............... med06b01 Role of the Regulatory Body - Monitoring the Process

............... med06b02 Role of Non-governmental Organisations

............... med06b03 Media Monitoring

............ med06c Election Day Reporting

............... med06c01 Media Access to Polling Stations

............... med06c02 Reporting the Vote

............... med06c03 Promoting Professional Coverage of Results

.................. med06c03a Exit Polls

.................. med06c03b Reporting on Quick Counts

............ med06d Post-election Reporting

...... mee Media Monitoring

......... mee01 Media Monitoring by Electoral Management Bodies

......... mee02 Media Monitoring by International Election Observation Missions

......... mee03 Media Monitoring by Non-Governmental Organisations

......... mee04 Media Monitoring Methodology

............ mee04a Media Monitoring and Media Analysis

............ mee04b Quantitative Media Monitoring Methods

............ mee04c Qualitative Media Monitoring Methods

............ mee04d Reporting Media Monitoring Findings

...... mef Covering an Election Campaign

......... mef01 Training Journalists to Report Elections

......... mef02 Planning Election Coverage

......... mef03 Ethical and Professional Issues for Media in Elections

............ mef03a Codes of Conduct for Media in Elections

............... mef03a01 Accuracy of Media Reports

............... mef03a02 Impartiality

............... mef03a03 Responsibility

............ mef03b Legal Issues in Election Reporting

............ mef03c Reporting Opinion Polls

............ mef03d Reporting Exit Polls

............ mef03e Reporting Hate Speech

......... mef04 Reporting the Campaign

............ mef04a Parties' Media Strategies

............ mef04b Reporting Political Events

............ mef04c Voters-Voice Reporting

...... meg Policy-Making and Evaluation

......... meg01 A Process of Consultation

...... mey Media and Elections Case Studies

......... mey_bo Bosnia: The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech

......... mey_ca Canada: Paid Political Advertising

......... mey_ca02 Canada: Canada prohibits bloggers from reporting results

......... mey_gm Gambia: The Independent Electoral Commission of The Gambia develops a communications plan

......... mey_it Italy: An Existing Regulatory Body

......... mey_ru Russia: Complaints Procedure (1993)

......... mey_uk United Kingdom: The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech

......... mey_us United States: bringing the bloggers to heel?

......... mey_zw Zimbabwe: An Example Of Unbalanced Coverage