An explanation and description of the types of ballots (single ballot, open and closed lists) takes into consideration the following three variables:
• Whether voters must make a categorical or ordinal choice;
• The structure of the ballot paper;
• The number of offices to be filled.
Ordinal vs. Categorical Ballots
A
categorical ballot is one where the voter makes a straight choice either for a
candidate or for a party list. An ordinal ballot is one where the voter is
required to indicate preferences among the various candidates or parties by
numbering their respective names, in declining order (1,2,3...).
Preferential
ordinal ballots make ballot counting more complex. The chief rule is that only
"first preferences" i.e. the number of ballots where the name of a
given candidate are marked with the figure "1", are normally counted
on election night, assuming that counting takes place directly after voting.
Subsequent preferences are to be counted only if no candidate is found to have obtained
a majority (more than 50 per cent) of first preferences. In this case, the
weakest candidate is eliminated and the second preferences expressed on his or
her ballots are counted and transferred to other candidates.
The Structure of the Ballot Paper
The
simplest option is the so-called "Australian ballot", which groups
the names of all candidates for a single office on a single ballot paper, to be
marked by the voter. Another option is the French "ballot paper and
envelope system" where there is one ballot paper for each candidate,
voters collect each candidate's ballot and insert one in an envelope to be
dropped into the ballot box, and dispose of all other unused ballots.
“Australian
ballots” are easier to count, as they are simply taken out of the ballot box,
unfolded and sorted. A supplementary advantage is that the results of the count
are easier to check after the election. Once counting is completed, the ballot
papers marked for each party or candidate are placed in distinct sealed
envelopes and archived. If the results of the election are later challenged,
the envelopes may be reopened before a judge and their contents counted again.
Further, rejected ballot papers may be re-examined to determine whether they
ought to have been rejected or not.
Under
the ballot and envelope system, the first step is to count the unopened
envelopes to determine how many votes were cast. Then each envelope can be
opened, the ballot paper taken out and the name of the
candidate or party on the ballot read aloud and recorded by counting officers.
From
this moment, nothing distinguishes a ballot paper, which has been cast, from
the final statement of the votes casts, which becomes the only evidence of how
many votes were cast for each party or candidate is the tally sheet used by
counting officers. Only the latter has any official value and is kept for
recording purposes. Normally more than one copy of the statement is made.
If
conflicting figures are found in the various copies of the statement for any
voting station, there is no authoritative evidence as to what the right figures
are, because the ballot papers are not kept. Even if the ballot papers are kept
and put into sealed envelopes, nothing distinguishes a ballot paper actually
cast for a candidate or party from any other ballot paper that was not actually
cast. Only ballot papers and envelopes that were rejected are kept and annexed
to the statement of votes.
This
system makes it difficult for judges to recount the ballot papers subsequently,
or even to decide whether a ballot paper has been lawfully rejected. For
example, if a vote has been rejected because the envelope was found to include
no ballot, or because a ballot paper was inserted in the box without being put
into an envelope first, or because the envelope included ballot papers for
different candidates, the only evidence available, apart from suitable mentions
on the minutes of proceedings of the counting station, is an empty envelope or
isolated ballot papers.
Sometimes
legislation provides for a mix of both schemes. Voters can be required to
insert the list of candidates representing a single party into the envelope,
but in addition, allow voters to mark the name of one or more candidates on
that list. This kind of hybrid can be found notably in some proportional
representation (PR) countries where preferential voting for some candidates is
allowed.
The Number of Offices to be Filled
In most countries, an election involves a single set of elective offices, e.g. Members of Parliament. This requires a single ballot paper.
Sometimes numerous offices are to be filled at the same time such as President, member of Parliament, etc. This raises numerous issues, both political and technical.
a. Straight ticket vs. Split ticket: One option is to oblige voters to give a single vote for a party, which is deemed to count for each of the candidates sponsored by that party for the various offices to be filled. For example, the Venezuelan ticket, whereby a single vote is valid for all the candidates sponsored by a party at the local, state and national level, is an extreme example of this. Another option is to allow voters to have a distinct vote for each office.
Counting implications: When voters are required to cast straight tickets, vote counting is simplified because ballot papers cast for each party simply need to be counted. When voters are granted a distinct vote for each office to be filled and which allows them to "split their ticket", counting is much more complex. Separate tally sheets must be used for each office to be filled, which makes vote counting a lengthy operation.
In such cases, the use of mechanical or electronic voting machines may appear the only solution that ensures a quick determination of the winner(s).
- A single multi-office ballot paper vs. numerous single-office ballot papers. The former option allows for both straight and split tickets. The latter is compatible only with split tickets.
Counting implications: Same as above. If numerous ballot papers, one for each office, are used, it is recommended that the ballot papers for each office be printed on paper of a distinctive colour to avoid confusion during the count. This is particularly relevant if all ballot papers, irrespective of the office to which they relate, are put into a single ballot box.
