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Different Systems for Dispute Resolution
Legislative Model
Judicial Court Model
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Appeals and Other Challenges
Classes
Reviewable Resolutions
Who can file electoral appeals
Terms
Evidence
Legal Framework - Bibliography
Overview
Guiding Principles
Overview
Parties and Candidates
Roles and Definition of Political Parties
Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Funds to Political Parties and Candidates
Overview
What is an Electoral Management Body (EMB)?
Permanent and Temporary EMBs
Some Guiding Principles for All EMBs
EMB Powers and Functions
Extent of Powers, Functions and Responsibilities
EMB Members: Respected Experts or Watchdogs for Each Other?
Expert-based EMBs
How Many EMB Members?
Term of Office of Members of Permanent EMBs
Recruitment and Appointment of EMB Members
Recruitment Through Open Advertisement
Appointment of EMB members
Qualifications for Appointment
Conditions of Service and Security of Tenure for EMB Members
Oath/pledge-taking or Affirmation
Meetings of EMB Members
Closed or Open EMB Meetings
EMB Member Committees
Strategic Planning
Operational Planning
The Electoral Calendar
Chapter Summary
Planning and Implementing EMB Activities
The EMB Secretariat and the Public Service
Structuring the Secretariat
The Development of Professional Electoral Management
Employment Conditions: EMB-Specific or Public Service Staff
Procedures for Recruiting EMB Staff
EMB Organizational and Staff Development for Permanent Staff
Using International Experience
Mentoring
Education and Development Courses for EMB Staff
Training Materials
Chapter Summary
Budget Formulation Methods for EMBs
Budget Formulation and Approval Process
EMB Procurement Policies and Procedures
Political Parties and Candidates
EMB Staff
The Executive Branch
The Legislature
Electoral Dispute Resolution Bodies
Election Monitors/Certification Teams and Citizen and International Election Observers
Traditional Media
The Electorate
Civil Society Organizations
The Donor Community and Electoral Assistance Agencies
Secondary Stakeholders
Maintaining Relationships With Stakeholders
How To Deal With Difficult Stakeholders
Voter Education and Public Information
Training and Expertise
Assessing EMB Performance
Principles and Best Practices for EMB Accountability
Stakeholder Accountability
Performance Accountability
Internal Performance Accountability
External Performance Accountability
Internal Financial Accountability
External Financial Accountability
Accountability for the Use of Technology-based Systems
External Oversight Issues
Chapter Summary
EMB Networks
Regional EMB Networks
Global Electoral Networks
Electoral Support Networks
Failing EMBs
The EMB’s Role in Electoral Reforms
The Scope of Electoral Reform
Afghanistan: An Electoral Management Body Struggles to Deal with Executive Interference
Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Challenges of an Independent EMB Model
Cambodia: Lack of Confidence in the National Election Committee
Canada: Stability, Independence and Public Trust
Costa Rica: The Supreme Tribunal of Elections
Kenya: The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission
Nigeria: Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)
Senegal: Sub-Saharan Multiparty Elections
The United Kingdom: Electoral Governance in Transition?
The United States Administration of Elections: Decentralized, Pre-modern and Contented
Ukraine: The Long Road to Politically Independent Election Administration
Reforming Electoral Processes
Single-Member and Multimember Districts
The Legal Framework: The Context for an EMB’s Role and Powers
International and Regional Treaties and Agreements
The Constitution
Needs Assessment
Electoral Sustainability and Donor Support
Practices Favouring Sustainability
Staffing for Sustainability
Electoral Materials
Structural and Technological Sustainability Implications
Chapter Summary
General Issues
Periodic List - Disadvantages
Qualifications and Identification
Legal provisions to prevent fraud
Outsourcing
Targeted registration
Specific Administrative Issues
Planning
Logistical Planning - Periodic List
Staff Selection and Training
Registration and Funding of Political Parties
Election Campaigns
Voter Education and Information
Gender Balance
Ethnicity
Broad-based Access
India: The Embodiment of EMB Independence
Who Finances EMBs and How?
Stakeholder Relationships
Canada: Representation in Parliament
Constitution
Codes of Conduct
Electoral Policy and Oversight
Oversight Bodies
Political Party Organizations
Code of Conduct for Political Parties
Interest Group Organizations
Non-Governmental Organizations
Independent Observers
Media
Media Code of Conduct
Official Oversight
Monitoring: Political Parties
Monitoring: Media
Monitoring: Individuals
Election Observation: National
National Election Observation: Efficacy
Election Observation: International
International Observers: Roles and Rules
Making a Complaint
Investigations
Duties and Ethical Conduct of Investigators
Decision to Investigate
Investigatorial Procedures and Powers
Rights of Individuals in Investigations
Handling of Evidence
Investigator's Analysis
Decision to Prosecute
Audits
Prosecution and Judicial Proceedings
Rights of the Accused
Civil Litigation
Sentences and Penalties
Enforcement: Oversight and Monitoring
Electoral Calendar
Voter Education
Voter Registration
Avoiding Voter Registration Fraud
Registration of Political Entities
Registration of Political Parties
Registration of Candidates
Threats to Constitutional or Social Order
Political Finance Policy
Political Finance Regulation
Political Finance Oversight - Disclosure
Voting Operations
Discrimination, Intimidation and Fraud
Vote Counting
Electronic Vote Counting
Complaints and Appeals
Results Management Systems
Application of Technology
Cost Considerations
Cost Components
Electoral System and Ballot Type Implications for the Count
Consolidating Voting Results
Receiving Result Counts
Verification of Results
Publicising Election Results
Publishing Interim Election Results
Publicising Official Final Results
Challenging Results
Procedures for Vote Counting at Counting Centres
Transmitting Counting Centre Results
Progress Reports; Cumulative Statement of Votes
Communicating Results to National Level
Receiving Results from Counting Centres
Creating an Audit Trail
Different Legal Traditions
Political and Governmental Systems
Territorial Organization of the State
Electoral Laws
Administrative Regulations
Amendment Process
Electoral Management
Electoral Boundary Redistribution
Registration Procedures
Political Parties and Candidates
Political Parties and Other Organizations
Organizational Structure Charts
Basic Ideas and Definitions of Voter Information, Voter Education and Civic Education
Meaning of democracy
Basic Voter Information
Basic Voter Education
Recruitment
Where Do People Get Their Information?
International Law on Media and Elections
Equal or Equitable Direct Access Coverage?
EMB Media Relations
Developing a Media Relations Strategy
Analysing Your Strenghts and Weaknesses
Charting the Electoral Cycle/Phases
Pre-Campaign Period
Campaign Period
Voting Day
Post-Election Period
Media Monitoring
Media Monitoring by Electoral Management Bodies
Media Monitoring by International Election Observation Missions
Media Monitoring by Domestic Observer Groups and Civil Society Organisations
Media Monitoring Methodology
Media Monitoring and Media Analysis
Media Development
Media Professionalism
Codes of Conduct for Media in Elections
Legal Issues in Election Reporting
Accuracy in Election Reporting
Impartiality in Election Reporting
Responsibility in Election Reporting
Elections Reporting Training
Party and Candidate Campaign Media Strategies
Reporting on Political Events
Overview
Guiding Principles
Context
Overview
Guiding Principles
Context
Contributors
Bibliography
Overview
Guiding Principles
Context
Bibliography
Contributors
Inter-Parliamentary Union: Declaration on Criteria for Free and Fair Elections (1994)
European Commission for Democracy Through Law: Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters (2002)