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Structuring of Electoral Management Bodies (EMBs)
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What a Governmental Model EMB Is, May Be, and Is Not
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"What a Governmental Model EMB Is, May Be, and Is Not "
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Table of Contents
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Electoral Management
Overview of Electoral Management
Guiding Principles of Electoral Management
Context of Electoral Management
Structuring of Electoral Management Bodies (EMBs)
What is an electoral management body (EMB)?
Independent Model EMBs
What an Independent Model EMB Is, May Be, and Is Not
Governmental Model EMBs
What a Governmental Model EMB Is, May Be, and Is Not
Mixed Model EMBs
Examples of Formats for a Mixed Model EMB
What Can Be Expected of the Different EMB Models?
Factors that influence EMB behaviour
Permanent and Temporary EMBs
Centralised or Decentralised EMBs
EMBs in Federal Countries
Transitional International EMBs and National EMBs
Representation of the EMB to Cabinet and the Legislature
Summary: Structuring of Electoral Management Bodies
The Legal Framework: The Context for the EMB’s Role and Powers
International Treaties and Agreements
The Constitution
Electoral Laws: Acts and Ordinances
Checklist for Electoral Management Legal Framework
EMB Rules, Regulations and Proclamations
Summary: The Legal Framework
How Legal Instruments Define Electoral Processes
The Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of an EMB
EMB Powers and Functions
Extent of Powers and Functions
Responsibility for Voter Registration
Responsibility for the Registration and Funding of Political Parties
Election Campaign Responsibilities
Voter Education Responsibilities
Validation of Election Results
Supervision of Political Party Candidate Selections
Responsibility for Boundary Delimitation
Electoral Observation Responsibilities
International Activities
Community Responsibilities of EMBs
Avoidance of Conflicts of Interest
Gender Balance Responsibilities
Account of Ethnicity Issues
Equality and Equity
Broadly-based Access
Direct Democracy Instruments
Functional Divisions between Electoral Institutions
Summary:The Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of an EMB
EMB Composition and Roles
EMB Membership
Status of EMB Members
The EMB Chair: A Special Role?
EMB Members: Respected Experts or Watchdogs on Each Other?
EMB Members: Respected Experts or Watchdogs on Each Other?
Multiparty-based EMBs
Expert-based EMBs
EMBs with Both Expert and Multiparty Membership
Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiparty, Expert, and Combined EMBs
Full-time or Part-time EMB Members?
How Many EMB Members?
Term of Office of Members of Permanent EMBs
Recruitment and Appointment of EMB Members
Recruitment through Open Advertisement
Nomination of Candidates for EMB Membership by the Head of State and Confirmation by or in Consultation with the Legislature
Unilateral Appointments of EMB Members by One Branch of Government
Involvement of Other Actors in EMB Appointment
Qualifications for Appointment
Conditions of Service and Security of Tenure for EMB Members
Oath/pledge-taking or Affirmation
EMB Decision-Making Processes
Meetings of EMB Members
Meetings of EMB Members
Closed or Open EMB Meetings
EMB Member Committees
EMB Members Relationships With The EMB Secretariat
Internal Regulations
Summary: EMB Composition and Roles
Planning and Implementing EMB Activities
The EMB Secretariat
The EMB Secretariat and the Public Service
The EMB Secretariat and the Public Service
Possible Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Public Servants as EMB Secretariat Staff
Structuring the Secretariat
Developing an EMB organisational structure
Alternative Functional Divisions
Organisational Structure Charts
The Election Calendar – A Planning Assistant
EMB Internal Rule Making
Codes of Conduct for EMB Members and Staff
Strategic Planning
Operational Planning
Operational Concept
EMB Budget
Staffing of EMBs
Procurement by the Election Management Body (EMB)
Communications and Public Relations
The Media
Records Management
Report Writing
Summary: Planning and Implementing EMB Activities
EMB Staffing and Development of Professional Electoral Management
Staffing of EMBs
Use of Public Service Staff for EMB Secretariats
Permanent and Temporary Staff
Conditions of Employment: EMB-Specific or Public Service Staff
Staff Pensions
Procedures for Recruitment of EMB Staff
Appointment of EMB Secretariat Staff
Procedures for the Appointment for EMB Secretariat Staff
Staff Appointment Formalities
What Is a Professional Electoral Administrator?
Staff Training and Development
EMB Organisational and Staff Development for Permanent Staff
Identifying Training Requirements
Internal Training of EMB Staff
Written Materials
Practical Exercises
Oral/visual Training
External Training of EMB Staff
Information Exchange
Training Courses and Events
Education and Development Courses for EMB Staff
External Election Advisers, Consultants and Trainers
Using International Experience
Mentoring
Secondment of Staff
Handbooks and Specialist Publications
Factors Which May Inhibit EMB Professionalism
Summary: EMB Staffing and Development of Professional Electoral Management
Financial Management of EMBs
Common EMB Financing Issues
What Electoral Costs Need to be Financed?
Attributes and Examples of Electoral Core, Diffuse and Integrity Costs
Who Finances EMBs and How?
Method of Disbursing State Funding
Approval of EMB Budget Proposals
Integrated or Distributed Electoral Budgets
Donor Funding
Donor Funding
Some Key Advantages and Disadvantages of International Donor Funding for Electoral Processes
Other Sources of EMB Funding
Budget Formulation Methods for EMBs
The Process for Budget Formulation and Approval
Availability of Budget Funds
Control of EMB Funding
EMB Financial Control Measures
Asset Management
Principles for EMB Financial Management
Audit and Evaluation
Summary: Financial Management of EMBs
EMB Stakeholder Relationships
Who are the Stakeholders and What Is Their Role In the Electoral Process?
Political Parties and Candidates as EMB Stakeholders
The EMB’s Staff
Executive Branch of Government
The Legislature – An EMB Stakeholder
Electoral Dispute Resolution Bodies
The Judicial System
Election Monitors and Observers
The Media – An EMB Stakeholder
The Electorate As an EMB Stakeholder
Civil Society Organisations as EMB Stakeholders
Donor Community – A Key Stakeholder
Secondary EMB Stakeholders
Managing Relationships With Stakeholders
Principles of Stakeholder Management
How To Deal With Difficult Stakeholders
Summary: EMB Stakeholder Relationships
Assessing EMB Performance
Principles and Best Practices for EMB Accountability
Stakeholder Accountability
Performance and Financial Accountability
Internal Performance Accountability
External Performance Accountability
Internal Financial Accountability
External Financial Accountability
Auditing EMBs
Performance Audits
Performance Audits
Methodology and Scope of a Performance Audit
Election Performance Audits: Potential Criteria and Specific Issues
Performance Audit Outputs
Financial Audits
Internal Quality Controls
Programme Evaluation by EMBs
Post-election Reviews
EMB’s Post-Election Review Cycle Checklist: Responsibility and Action
Peer Reviews
External Oversight Issues
Accountability for the Use of Technology-based Systems
Summary: Assessing EMB Performance
The Sustainability of EMBs
What is sustainability?
Why is EMB sustainability important?
Needs assessment
Electoral sustainability and donor support
Practices favouring sustainability
Staffing for Sustainability
Electoral Materials
Structural and Technological Implications of Sustainability
Automated Voting and Counting Processes
Summary: The Sustainability of EMBs
Cooperation through EMB Networks
What Are Electoral Networks and Why Do they Matter?
National Electoral Networks
Regional EMB Networks
Global Electoral Networks
Electoral Support Networks
Summary: Cooperation through EMB Networks
Reforming Electoral Processes
What Is Electoral Reform?
Failing EMBs
The EMB’s Role in Electoral Reforms
The Scope of Electoral Reform
Managing Electoral Change
Summary: Reforming Electoral Processes
Electoral Management Case Studies
Afghanistan: An Electoral Management Body Evolves
Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Success Story for the Independent Model
Cambodia: Tensions Around the National Election Committee
Canada: Stability, Independence and Public Trust
Costa Rica: A Powerful Constitutional Body
Fiji: A New System Under Pressure
Republic of Georgia: A Commission in Tranistion
India: The Embodiment of EMB Independence
Iraq: International Institution Design
Japan: Mixed Model Electoral Management for a Mixed Parallel Electoral System
Kenya: Compromised Independence of the EMB
Lesotho: Building a Reputation
Mozambique: A Need for Depoliticization
Nigeria: A Need for Modernization
Senegal: Independence Strengthened in a Mixed Model of Electoral Management
Spain: Mixed Model Electoral Management Becomes Well Established
Sweden: Governmental in Form, Independent in Practice: A Decentralized Election Management System
The United Kingdom: Electoral Modernization
The United States: Decentralized to the Point of Being Dysfunctional
Uruguay: The Electoral Court - A Fourth Branch of Government?
Yemen: An Emerging Independent EMB
Vanuatu: Limitations to the Independence of the EMB
Zimbabwe: A New Era in Election Management
Contributors to Electoral Management
Electoral Management Glossary
Bibliography
Ask the experts
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browse previous answers
including:
Limited voting rights for electoral officials? ---
Creation, composition and mandate of Working Group for Electoral Reform ---
EMB actions in developing democracies encouraging electoral participation of women ---
What a Governmental Model EMB Is, May Be, and Is Not
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