Parties and Candidates

Topic IndexEnd Notes

1. Refer to 1997 memorandum, Frequently Asked Questions by the Information Resources Staff at the Washington, D.C. headquarters of the International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES) for further examples.

Controlling Fraud, Corruption and Unfair Practices

2. Financing the 1972 Election. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Co., 1976, p. 55.

Different Types of Regulation

3. See pp. 7, 23, and 29 in European Parliament, Directorate-General for Research, Research and Documentation Papers, The Funding of Political Parties in European Community Member States. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Second Edition, 1991, p. 17.

4. Refer to Chapter 9, 'Regulating Political Finance: British Style,' of Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, British Political Finance 1830-1980. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1981.

Allocation of Time/Resources Issues

5. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, p.5.

Loopholes

6. Michael Pinto-Duschinsky. 'Memorandum'. House of Commons: Home Affairs Committee, Funding of Political Parties. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Session 1992-92, no 726, 20 July 1993.

Political Parties as Election Monitors

7. NDI Handbook: How Domestic Organizations Monitor Elections, An A to Z Guide published by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, 1995.

Registering Candidates for Presidential Elections

8. Austin Ranney, 'Candidate Selection' In David Butler, Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, editors, Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1981, p. 97.

9. Association of Central and Eastern European Election Officials (ACEEEO), Election Law Compendium of Central and Eastern Europe. Kyiv: International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), 1995, pp. 304-5.

Registering Parties/Candidates for Elections

10. Source: Parker's Conduct of Parliamentary Elections, 8.08.

11. Source: all citations are from Australian Electoral Commission. Federal Registration of Political Parties. Canberra: Australian Government Printing Service, 1996.

Regulating Nominations in Majoritarian Systems

12. Canadian Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing, Reforming Electoral Democracy: Final Report. Ottawa: Communication Group Publishing, 1991, Volume 1, p. 256.

Regulating Nominations in PR Systems

13. Austin Ranney, 'Candidate Selection.' In David Butler, Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, editors, Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1981, p. 84.

Signatures

14. Sources: Richard S. Katz. Democracy and Elections. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, table 14.2 and, for Poland and Russia, Association of Central and Eastern European Election Officials (ACEEEO), Election Law Compendium of Central and Eastern Europe. Kyiv: International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), 1995, pp. 229 and 280.

Deposits

15. Richard S. Katz. Democracy and Elections, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 255-61, Table 14.2 and, for Namibia, information from Gerhard Ttemeyer.

Restrictions on Candidacy

16. Canadian Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing, Reforming Electoral Democracy: Final Report. Ottawa: Communication Group Publishing, 1991, Volume 1, p. 271.

Party and Candidate Financing

17. In Arthur B. Gunlicks, editor, Campaign and Party Finance in North America and Western Europe. Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1992, p.260

18. 'Introduction' to Herbert E. Alexander and Rei Shiratori, editors, Political Finance among the Democracies. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1994 p.3.

Direct

19. Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, British Political Finance 1830-1980. Washington, DC.: American Enterprise Institute, 1981, p. 33.)

20. Khayyam Z. Paltiel, 'Political Financing Abroad: Contrasts and Effects.' In Michael J. Malbin, editor, Parties, Interest Groups, and Campaign Finance Laws. Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1980 , p. 358.

21. Herbert E. Alexander, 'Money and politics: rethinking a conceptual framework.' In Herbert E. Alexander, editor, Comparative Political Finance in the 1980s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 14.)

22. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher, 'Structure and impact of public subsidies to political parties in Europe.' In Herbert E. Alexander, editor, Comparative Political Finance in the 1980s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 247.

Funding Formulas

23. Sources: for Germany: Werner Kaltefleiter and Karl-Heinz Nassmacher, 'The New German System of Public Subsidies to Political Parties.' In Josef Thesing and Wilhelm Hofmeister, editors, Political Parties in Democracy. Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 1995; for Nicaragua: Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, Free and Fair Elections: International Law and Practice. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1994, p. 58; for Canada and Germany: Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, pp. 49-50, 74-75.)

Costs and Public Responses

24. Sources: for Austria: Hubert Sickinger and Rainer Nick, Politisches Geld: Parteifinanzierung in sterreich. Taur, Tirol: Kulturverlag, 1990, p.130; France: Herbert E. Alexander and Rei Shiratori, editors, Political Finance among the Democracies. Boulder, Colorado:Westview Press, 1994, p. 93; Germany: Hans Herbert von Arnim, Die Partei, der Abgeordnete und das Geld: Parteienfinazierung in Deutschland. Munich: Knauer, 1996 p. 129; Mexico: Fernando Molinar Horcacitas, 'Financing political parties in Mexico.' In Carlos Malamud and Eduardo Posada-Carb , editors, Financing Party Politics in Europe and Latin America. London: Macmillan and Institute of Latin American Studies, 1998 Table 2; United States: Milton C. Cummings Jr. and David Wise, Democracy Under Pressure. Fort Worth, Texas: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, seventh edition, 1993 , p. 300; other countries: Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, pp. 49, 92 ,129, 137, 165 183

Public Opinion on State Subsidies for Parties

25. Gullan Gidlund, 'Conclusions.' In Matti Wiberg, editor, The Public Purse and Political Parties: Public Financing of Political Parties in Nordic Countries. Helsinki: The Finnish Political Science Association, 1991, p. 179.

Party Newspapers and Special Party Organisations

26. 'Structure and impact of public subsidies of political parties in Europe.' In Herbert E. Alexander, editor, Comparative Political Finance in the 1980s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 241.

27. Source: Khayyam Z. Paltiel, 'Campaign Finance: Contrasting Practices and Reforms.' In Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections. Edited by David Butler, Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney. Washington, DC.: American Enterprise Institute, 1981, p. 164 ff.

Tax Concessions

28. Dian Schefold, 'Background and Basic Principles of Financing of Political Parties.' In Josef Thesing and Wilhelm Hofmeister, editors, Political Parties in Democracy. Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 1995 , p. 350.

Membership Subscriptions

29. Dian Schefold, 'Background and Basic Principles of Financing of Political Parties.' In Josef Thesing and Wilhelm Hofmeister, editors, Political Parties in Democracy. Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 1995, pp. 343-44. This chapter uses the findings of Dimitris T. Tsatsos, et.al., editors, Parteienrecht im europaeischen vergleich. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1990.

By Business Corporations

30. Khayyam Z. Paltiel, 'Campaign Finance: Contrasting Practices and Reforms.' In Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections. Edited by David Butler, Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney. Washington, DC.: American Enterprise Institute, 1981, p. 144.

31. Cited in Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, British Political Finance 1830-1980. Washington, DC.: American Enterprise Institute, 1981, p. 113.

32. W.T. Stanbury, Money in Politics: Financing Federal Parties and Candidates in Canada. Volume 1 of the Research Studies, Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1993, pp. 293 and 551-2.

33. In Herbert E. Alexander and Rei Shiratori, editors, Political Finance among the Democracies. Boulder, Colorado:Westview Press, 1994, p. 79.

34. Erhard Blankenburg, Rainer Standhammer and Heinz Steinert. 'Political Scandals and Corruption Issues in West Germany'. In Political Corruption: A Handbook. Edited by Arnold J. Heidenheimer, Michael Johnston and Victor T. LeVine. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1989, pp.920-1.

35. Yves-Marie Doublet, L'argent et la politique en France'Paris: Economica, 1997, p. 14.

36. Herbert E. Alexander and Rei Shiratori, editors, Political Finance among the Democracies'Boulder, Colorado:Westview Press, 1994, pp. 162-3 and 196 ff

37. In Herbert E. Alexander and Rei Shiratori, editors, Political Finance among the Democracies Boulder, Colorado:Westview Press, 1994, pp. 162-3, p. 198

38. ibid., p. 103

39. . ibid., p. 100

40. . Gullan M. Gidlund, p. 110.

Profits from Party-Owned Business Activities

41. 'Structure and Function of Party-Owned Enterprises.' Paper presented to the World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Washington D.C, 1988.

42. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, pp. 175-76, cited from 'Spanish Socialist's Tarnished Image. Agence France Presse, 2 June 1993 and Survey of Spain. The Financial Times, 2 April 1993.

43. ibid., p. 148.

44. Cited in Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, p. 105.

45. Khayyam Z. Paltiel, 'Campaign Finance: Contrasting Practices and Reforms.' In Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections. Edited by David Butler, Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney. Washington, DC.: American Enterprise Institute, 1981, p. 147.

46. Pierre Avril, 'Regulation of Political Finance in France.' In Herbert E. Alexander and Rei Shiratori, editors, Political Finance among the Democracies. Boulder, Colorado:Westview Press, 1994, p. 88.

Grass Roots Approaches

47. Source: as for Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Die Konservative Partei Grossbritanniens 1945-1980'. In Christliche-demokratische und konservative Parteien in Westeuropa. Edited by HJ Veen. Paderborn: UTB Schoningh, 1983, p. 38.

Narco-traffic

48. Eduardo Posada-Carbó, 'Money and Elections in Colombia In The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Forecast, 4th Quarter 1996: Latin America: Regional Overview. London: The Economist intelligence Unit Limited, 1996, p. 4 ff.

Other Illegal Donations

49. Herbert E. Alexander, Financing the 1972 Election. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Company, 1976, pp. 489-93.

Contribution Limits

50. Sources: For Russia, Association of Central and Eastern European Election Officials (ACEEEO), Election Law Compendium of Central and Eastern Europe. Kyiv: International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), 1995. For United States: Milton C. Cummings Jr. and David Wise, Democracy Under Pressure. Fort Worth, Texas: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, seventh edition, 1993 , p. 298. For other countries, Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, Table 5.

Disclosure Regulations

51. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354 , p. 183.

52. Herbert E. Alexander, Financing Politics: Money, Elections, & Political Reform. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, Fourth Edition, 1992, pp. 161 and 164.

Disclosure of Amount

53. Funding and Disclosure Handbook: Political Parties, Canberra: Australian Government Printing Service, 1996, p. 7

54. Canadian Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing, Reforming Electoral Democracy: Final Report. Ottawa: Communication Group Publishing, 1991, volume 3, paragraph 401.

Disclosure of Source

55. Canadian Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing, Reforming Electoral Democracy: Final Report. Ottawa: Communication Group Publishing, 1991, volume 4, p. 67.

Access to Disclosed Information

56. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, pp. 93-94, p.80.

57. Georgias Papadopoulos, cited in Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, pp. 93-94.

By Companies

58. Sources: Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, Table 5, Werner Kaltefleiter and Karl-Heinz Nassmacher, 'The New German System of Public Subsidies to Political Parties.' In Josef Thesing and Wilhelm Hofmeister, editors, Political Parties in Democracy. Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 1995, p. 393, and Ruth S. Jones, 'U.S. State-Level Campaign Finance Reform'. In Herbert E. Alexander and Rei Shiratori, editors, Political Finance among the Democracies. Boulder, Colorado:Westview Press, 1994, p.61.

By Unions

59. Sources: Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, Table 5, Werner Kaltefleiter and Karl-Heinz Nassmacher, 'The New German System of Public Subsidies to Political Parties.' In Josef Thesing and Wilhelm Hofmeister, editors, Political Parties in Democracy. Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 1995, p. 393, and Ruth S. Jones, 'U.S. State-Level Campaign Finance Reform'. In Herbert E. Alexander and Rei Shiratori, editors, Political Finance among the Democracies. Boulder, Colorado:Westview Press, 1994, p.61.

Foreign Donations

60. Sources: Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, Table 5 and Association of Central and Eastern European Election Officials (ACEEEO), Election Law Compendium of Central and Eastern Europe. Kyiv: International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), 1995. For Albania, Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Moldova, Romania, South Africa and Yemen: Yves-Marie Doublet, Le financement de la vie politique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, Second Edition, 1997, p. 24.

By Government Contractors, etc

61. Source: Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, Table 5 and pp. 66, 96,195

Bans Against Certain Types of Expenditures

62. Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, British Political Finance 1830-1980. Washington, DC.: American Enterprise Institute, 1981 , pp. 15-16.

63. Cited in Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington D.C.: July 1995, LL95-4,95-1354, p. 151.

Election Campaigns

64. H. Crouch, Malaysia's 1982 General Election. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1982, p. 38. Cited in Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 150.

65. Cited in Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 160.

66. W.T. Stanbury, Money in Politics: Financing Federal Parties and Candidates in Canada. Volume 1, Research Studies, Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1993: 384-5

67. ibid., p. 394.

68. Canadian Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing, Reforming Electoral Democracy: Final Report. Ottawa: Communication Group Publishing, 1991, 2: 152. 'pce01'

69. Draft Code of Conduct for Political Parties Contesting Democratic Elections, 28.04.97, Stockholm: International IDEA

Regulating Advertising

70. Sources: for Great Britain: Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, British Political Finance 1830-1980. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1981, p. 263. For Belgium and Luxembourg, European Parliament, Directorate-General for Research, Research and Documentation Papers, The Funding of Political Parties in European Community Member States. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Second Edition,1991, pp. 8 and 31. For other countries: Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 65, 138, 164, 188.

71. European Parliament, Directorate-General for Research, Research and Documentation Papers, The Funding of Political Parties in European Community Member States. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Second Edition, 1991: 8.

Public Broadcasting Allocations

72. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 52-3

73. ibid., p. 194

Formulas for Allocating Time

74. Sources: Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 58.

75. ibid., pp. 103-4.

76. ibid., p. 159

77. ibid., p.5

78. ibid., p. 171

79. ibid., p. 194

Campaign Expenditure Disclosures

80. Australian Electoral Commission. Funding and Disclosure Handbook: Political Parties. Canberra: Australian Government Printing Service, 1996: 15.

By Parties

81. Chief Electoral Officer, Guidelines Respecting Election Expenses of Registered Political Parties.. Ottawa: Chief Electoral Officer, 1988, pp. 3-4. Cited in W.T. Stanbury, Money in Politics: Financing Federal Parties and Candidates in Canada. Volume 1 of the Research Studies, Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1993, p. 385

By Interest Groups

82. Australian Electoral Commission. Funding and Disclosure Handbook: Broadcasters and Publishers. Canberra: Australian Government Printing Service, 1996.

Spending Limits

83. Herbert E. Alexander and Monica Bauer. Financing the 1988 Election. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991, p. 41.

84. ibid, p.42.

Breaches and penalties

85. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 80, 132 and 196.

86. Anthony Corrado, Thomas E. Mann, Daniel R. Ortiz, Trevor Potter and Frank J. Sorauf, editors, Campaign Finance Reform: A Sourcebook. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1997: 29-30.

87. Canadian Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing, Reforming Electoral Democracy: Final Report. Ottawa: Communication Group Publishing, 1991, volume 2: 217-8.

Types of offences

88. R.J. Clayton, Parker's Conduct of Parliamentary Elections, Croydon: Charles Knight Publishing, 1990, Supplement no. 5, section 20.15, p. 394.

89. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 168-9.

Fines and imprisonment

90. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354: 35-6

Forfeiting parliamentary seats

91. H. F. Rawlings, Law and the Electoral Process, London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1988, p. 228.

92. Association of Central and Eastern European Election Officials (ACEEEO), Election Law Compendium of Central and Eastern Europe. Kyiv: International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), 1995, p. 358.

93. R.J. Clayton, Parker's Conduct of Parliamentary Elections, Croydon: Charles Knight Publishing, 1990, supplement no. 5, Chapter 20.

Breaches of political finance regulations

94. Federal Election Commission's compilation of Federal Election Campaign Laws, Washington, DC: November 1997.

95. Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, British Political Finance 1830-1980. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1981, Chapter 9.

96. R.J. Clayton, Parker's Conduct of Parliamentary Elections, Croydon: Charles Knight Publishing, 1990, supplement no. 5, Chapter 15.

97. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354, pp. 56 and 80.

Personation

98. R.J. Clayton, Parker's Conduct of Parliamentary Elections, Croydon: Charles Knight Publishing, 1990, supplement no. 5, 20.03.

99. . Mauritius Laws 1996, volume 4, pp. 606.

100. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354, pp. 168.

Intimidation of electors

101. R.J. Clayton, Parker's Conduct of Parliamentary Elections, Croydon: Charles Knight Publishing, 1990, supplement no. 5, 18.34 - 18.36.

102. Mauritius Laws 1996, volume 4, pp. 605-6.

103. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354, pp. 168.

Bribery

104. Library of Congress, Law Library, Report for Congress: Campaign Financing of National Elections in Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: July 1995, LL95-4, 95-1354, pp. 80, 89,144 and 168. Mauritius Laws 1996, volume 4, p. 606.

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