There are many resources available on election integrity issues. Some sugestions includes:
Election Commissions
The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) website, http://www.ifes.org , has links with many election commissions. Most election commission websites include copies of their electoral laws, rules and information on electoral issues.
Association of African Election Authorities. http://www.ifes.org/afrassoc/charter.htm
Association of Asian Election Authorities. http://www.ifes.org/AsiaAssocSite/a_asia_ea/s_gray.htm
Association of Central and Eastern
European Election Officials. http://www.ifes.org/AsiaAssocSite/a-asia-ca/s-toth.htm
California. Secretary of State. This website contains in-depth analysis on campaign spending broken down by winners and losers, incumbents and challengers. http://www.sa.ca.gov/prd/finance98_general_final/98gencandmainpage.htm
Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral. Located in Costa Rica, the CAPEL website contains information on South and Central American elections and integrity issues. http://iidh.ed.cr/infgen.htm
Hawaii. Secretary of State. The Report on recount of 1998 elections caused by faulty voting machine readers is of interest as it discusses integrity issues involved with machine counting of ballots. http://www.hawaii.gov/elections/rev98.htm
Independent Commissions (for Monitoring and Oversight)
Fair Political Practices Commission. An independent agency that administers, interprets and enforces the provisions of the California Political Reform Act. http://fpcc.ca.gov/facts.htm
Hong Kong. Independent Commission Against Corruption. http://www.icac.org.hk
Independent Commission Against Corruption, New South Wales, Australia.
http://www.icac.nsw.gov.au
Seattle Ethics and Election Commission. This Commission provides oversight for elections in Seattle, Washington. The website contains instructions for what to do if you witness an ethics violation. http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/ethics/ethic.htm
International Organizations and NGOs
Some of the many organizations directly involved with election integrity issues include:
American Society of Newspaper Editors. This Association's website has many links to issues involving media coverage. http://www.asne.org
Amnesty International. This NGO focuses on human rights issues. Its website, http://www.transparency.org, includes many useful documents related to integrity including its Fair Trial Manual.
Article 19. This NGO monitors, lobbies and litigates on behalf of freedom of expression issues. Its website, http://www.article19.org, includes a copy of its Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies.
California Bar Association. The Association publishes The State Bar of California Rules of Professional Conduct at its website, http://www.calbar.org/pub250/1995rpc.htm, which is a comprehensive code of conduct for lawyers.
California Voters Foundation. The Foundation's website has many links to election and democracy websites. http://www.calvoter.org/links.htm
Center for Civic Education. This NGO focuses on civic education and has developed a comprehensive Framework for Civic Education,
http://www.civnet.org/resources/teach/basic/civitas/exe.htm
Center for the Independence of the Judges and Lawyers. The Center has developed a Final Policy Framework for Preventing and Eliminating Corruption and Ensuring the Impartiality of the Judicial System. located at http://www.icj.org/cijl/alerts/fpf.htm
Commonwealth of Nations. Issues pertaining to election integrity are found at http://www.thecommonwealth.org
Committee to Protect Journalists. This NGO works to protect journalists and keeps statistics on intimidation and threats to journalists. http://www.cpj.org
Common Cause. This U.S. public interest group follows election campaign finance issues and promotes honest and accountable government. http://www.commoncause.org.
Council on Governmental Ethics Laws. COGEL is an association of public officials that focuses on ethics in public service. http://www.cogel.org
European Union. The website of the EU, http://www.europa.eu.int has information on election issues in EU member states.
International Association of Chiefs of Police. This website, located at University of Maine, includes the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics which is an important element of integrity in election law enforcement. http://www.ume.maine.edu/~pubsafe/txt/ethics.htm
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. http://www.ifes.org IFES has a comprehensive library of international election documents and sample materials.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. IDEA has done research on electoral integrity issues and has developed model codes of conduct and lessons learned. These can be found at its website: http://www.idea-int.se
League of Women Voters. The League focuses on informed voters and a fair election. http://www.lwv.org
Media Institute of Southern Africa. This NGO was established to promote the objectives of the Windhock Declaration on Promoting an Independent and Pluralistic Africa Media. http://www.misanet.org
NANFREL. A monitoring coalition of NGOs from the Philippines. http://www.kababaihan.org/wewatch98/fraud/fraud-tips.htm
National Association of Attorney Generals. This Association website contains codes of conduct for prosecutors. http://www.naag.org
National Democratic Institute. NDI provides elections assistance worldwide. Its website includes integrity documents such as Lessons Learned and Challenges Facing International Election Monitoring, http://www.ndi.org/ndi
National Endowment for Democracy, http://www.ned.org
Organization of American States. The Unit for the Promotion of Democracy, http://www.oas.org focuses on election issues.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. The OSCE site provides information on elections monitored by the OSCE http://www.osce.org. It also contains documents of interest including Resolving Election Disputes in the OSCE area. Towards a Standard Election Dispute Monitoring System, , and the The ODIHR Election Observation Handbook,
http://www.osce.org/odihr/election/hanbook/index.htm.
Society of Professional Journalists. This website contains Code of Ethics for journalists. http://spj.org/ethics/code.htm
South Africa Electoral Institute. The Institute covers election issues in South Africa. http://www.eisa.org.za It has issued a Gender Checklist for Free and Fair Elections
Transparency International, TI focuses on issues of corruption and transparency. Its Bribe-Payers Survey, and National Integrity Systems Manual are directly related to election integrity issues. http://www.transparency.org
United Nations. The UN website, http://www.un.org, has many documents relating to election integrity issues. Some of these include Independence of the Judiciary, A Human Rights Priority, http://www.un.org/rights/dpi1837e.htm and Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on the Role of the UN in Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Principles of Periodic and Genuine Elections and the Promotion of Democracy, http://www.un.org/depts/dpa/ead/2res96.htm.
Journals
Africa Includes articles on elections in Africa, such as David Throup's 'Elections and Political Legitimacy in Kenya' (Vol 63.3, 1993).
Election Today . This is published by the International Foundation for Electoral Systems and is a good source for current information. For example, the September 2000 edition focused on the issue integrity in campaign finance.
Journal of Democracy. This NED publication, http://www.ned.org, has many articles which focus on election integrity and electoral governance. Some key articles are in Volume 8.3 (1997) including 'The Observers Observed' by Thomas Carothers and ' What Makes Elections Free and Fair' by Jorgen Elklit and Palle Svensson
Journal of International Affairs from Canberra, includes articles on election integrity issues, such as John Sanderson and Michael Maley's, 'Elections and Liberal Democracy in Cambodia,' (vol. 42.3.1998)
Official Oversight Agencies
Comptroller General of the United States. The website for the Comptroller General contains detailed manuals and standards for audits. http://www.ignet.gov/internal/manual/yellow/gas1.htm
U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division. http://www.doj.gov/ert/voting/clarify3.htm
Published Works
Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. Free and Fair Elections. International Law and Practice. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva. 1994
Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison and John Jay. The Federalist Papers, Hamilton New American Library, 1961, New York
Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991
Kumar, Krishna ed., Post Conflict Elections, Democratization and International Assistance, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder. 1998.
Electronic Published Works
Connolly, Stephen and Bruce Hatch, Election Procurement, Open and Free 1999. http://www.electionbuyersguide.org/procurement.htm
Dundas, Carl, Compendium of Election Laws, Practices and Cases of Selected
Commonwealth Countries, 1998/1999. http://www.thecommonwealth.org
