Competitive elections are the basis for a representative democracy where citizens elect representatives to act as their agents in making and enforcing laws and decisions. Elections also serve as a mechanism for holding elected officials accountable for their performance in office, as voters pass judgement on the incumbents by voting for or against them or their party. Electoral processes can also make political decisions, such as when referendums are held on public issues. Since the citizens have a personal stake in the election, and will be governed by the personalities and policies of those who win, elections can become emotional events.
The high political and personal stakes in the results of an election, or the perception of a personal stake, can be the source of many integrity problems. Most of these involve unethical personal behaviour aimed at trying to ensure a certain election result. (see Ethical Behaviour). But not all integrity problems are caused by deliberate or corrupt action. In order for the process to accurately reflect the will of the voters, the electoral system must be free, fair and competitive. This requires that the Legal Framework and Institutional Framework be designed to protect election integrity and that it include the legal and institutional safeguards of a free and fair process.
It also requires an accurate and transparent administration (see Fair Process) of the legal framework and electoral process and that all officials and participants are held accountable for their actions. (see Accountability). Finally it requires continued monitoring and enforcement. (see Monitored and Enforced)
These institutional and legal mechanisms must also ensure a climate free from intimidation and fear, so that voters are able to freely express their will without fear of retribution.
These principles are summarized in the Charter of the Association of African Election Authorities (AAEA) whose objectives include:
- the promotion of free and fair elections;
- the promotion of independent and impartial election organizations and administrators;
- the promotion of public confidence in election processes through open and transparent electoral procedures;
- the promotion of participation by citizens, political contestants, and non-partisan NGOs in electoral process;
- the development of professional election officials with high integrity, a strong sense of public service and a commitment to democracy; and
- commitment to the creation of a democratic culture and an environment in which elections can be held peacefully. 63
